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Emergency Article 352 to 360

Government of India Act 1935

1. National Emergency or Proclamation 352

2. State Emergency or President's Rule of Constitutional Emergency 356

3. Financial Emergency Article 360

 

1. National Emergency

Declared by President with approval (Written Order) from Cabinet (Earlier PM only).

Armed Rebellion - Internal Emergency

War / External aggression - External Emergency - Imminent Danger

44th Amendment, 1978 - Armed Rebellion

i. Invoked by President

Advise of Council of Ministers

 

ii. Parliamentary Approval

Within 2 Months - 44th Amendment within 1 Month

Simple Majority - 44th Amendment 51% + 2/3 P & V

LS approves 44th Amendment (LS+RS) approves

 

iii. Revoke

President own will - 44th Amendment President with LS approval. LS can end it.

 

 

 

 

Emergency is applied and extended as 6 Month + 6 Month + 6 Month. President can revoke emergency within 6 months of Proclamation.

 

iv. Effect

1. Centre - State

2. Life of Lok Sabha

3. Fundamental Rights

 

1. Centre State Relations

- States in Control of Central Government (Executive)

- Parliament is Supreme and can make legislation for states (Legislature)

- Funds reallocated with Central Government monopoly (Financial)

- President controls funds

 

2. Life of Lok Sabha

5 Year Lok Sabha + 1 during emergency (Maximum 6 Month + 6)

Create a Law to extend Lok Sabha

 

3. Fundamental Rights (Wielmar Germany)

Internal emergency (armed)

External Emergency (war)

Restriction in Article 19 get suspended as per Article 358

 

4. Duration

6 Month + 6 Month ....

 

Emergency Declared in India

  1962 1971 1975
Prime Minister Jawahar Lal Nehru Indira Gandhi Indira Gandhi
President Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan V V Giri Fakruddin Ali Ahmed
Reason War with China War with Pakistan Internal Disturbance
Duration 26th October 1962 to 10th January 1968 3rd December 1971 to 17th December 1971 25th June 1975 to 21 May 1977

 

2. State Emergency

Article 356

"Dead Letter" Dr. B. R. Ambedkar

1. Invoked by

President, Article 356 (with or without approval of government)

Article 355 - Central Government to control state during state emergency.

Non effect of state emergency on Fundamental Rights

 

Grounds for State Emergency

Constitution not being followed by State Government

State Government fails to follow Central Government Orders

 

2. Parliamentary Approval

Within 2 Months

 

3. Revoke

President can revoke through proclamation

No parliamentary approval required. Suo Moto.

 

4. Effect

State Government, Governor -> President

State Government function can be performed by Parliament

President may / may not dismiss Council of Ministers of State

When State Government is dismissed, Proclamation power of Governor shall be vested with President

President can - Consolidated Fund of India -> Consolidated Fund Stats

President cannot suspend power of High Court

 

5. Duration

6 Month+ 6 Month - National Emergency Declared

2 Years - Election Commission notified that election cannot be conducted, so Extra time

Total 3 Years

  National Emergency State Emergency
1. All States One State
2. Fundamental rights suspends Fundamental rights are there
3. Maximum ... Year Maximum 3 Years
4. Lok Sabha then Parliament Parliament without Lok Sabha
5. Grounds

- War

- Armed Rebellion

- External emergencies

Grounds

- Constitution

- Order of Central Government

6. Special Majority Simple Majority
7. Less controversial More controversial

 

3. Financial Emergency

Article 360

1. Invoked by President

Grounds for Financial Emergency

- Financial Stability

- Credit of India

 

2. Parliamentary Approval

- Within 2 Months

- Simple Majority

- No PA required to continue/ extend

 

3. Revoke

President proclamation

 

4. Effect

i. Salaries

ii. Money bills can be withheld by President

iii. Financial matters of state -> Central Government   

Note for LLB Entrance Examinations

Muslim Law

Muslim Law in brief

Nikah- Muslim Marriage Conditions

Talaq - Muslim Divorce Law

Hindu Law

Hindu Marriage Act in Brief

Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act 1956

Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act 1956

Hindu Succession Act 1956 Notes

Special Marriage Act 1954 Notes

Historic Development of Law in India

Constitution of India

Preamble of the Constitution of India

Fundamental Rights in Constitution of India

Article 32 Remedies for enforcement of rights

Directive Principles of State Policy

Fundamental Duties

Executive, Judiciary, President, VP

Extent of Powers of Union, Supreme Court etc

State Judiciary, High Court, Lower Courts

Parliament, Council of states, house of people

Introduction and passing bills, budget etc

State Legislature, Composition, duration

Bills, Money Bill, Finance Bill, Proceedings

Emergency - National, State, Financial

EC, PSC, Finance, NCSC, NCST, NCBC

Non Constitutional Bodies, Niti ayog, NHRC etc

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Important amendments to the Constitution

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Indian Citizenship law

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