A structured guide to constitutional provisions on tribunals, elections, representation and safeguards, official language, and emergency powers.
Articles 323A to 360 span several Parts of the Constitution. They begin with tribunals under Part XIV-A, move through elections and special provisions relating to certain classes, cover the official-language framework, and conclude with the Emergency provisions in Part XVIII. The links below retain the site's detailed article pages while this index provides a concise explanation of the subject of each provision.
Article 323A enables Parliament to provide for administrative tribunals for specified public-service disputes. Article 323B permits the appropriate legislature to provide tribunals for specified matters. These provisions form Part XIV-A of the Constitution.
Article 324 vests the superintendence, direction and control of electoral rolls and the conduct of elections to Parliament, State Legislatures, and the offices of President and Vice-President in the Election Commission, subject to the Constitution and election laws.
Article 325 prohibits exclusion from, or entitlement to, a special electoral roll only on grounds of religion, race, caste or sex. Article 326 provides for elections to the House of the People and State Legislative Assemblies on the basis of adult suffrage, subject to constitutional and statutory disqualifications.
Articles 327 and 328 allocate legislative power concerning elections to Parliament and, subject to parliamentary law, State Legislatures. Article 329 restricts judicial interference in electoral matters in the manner stated in the Constitution, including the election-petition route for challenging elections.
Article 330 provides for reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the House of the People, subject to the constitutional text and applicable delimitation framework.
Article 331, which formerly concerned Anglo-Indian representation in the House of the People, was omitted by the Constitution (One Hundred and Fourth Amendment) Act, 2019. Article 332 provides for reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in State Legislative Assemblies.
Article 333 historically dealt with Anglo-Indian representation in State Legislative Assemblies and was changed by the Constitution (One Hundred and Fourth Amendment) Act, 2019. Article 334 presently governs the duration of reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes; the former special representation of the Anglo-Indian community was not similarly extended.
Article 335 addresses the claims of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes to services and posts consistently with maintenance of administrative efficiency, subject to its provisos. Article 336 is a transitional historical provision concerning the Anglo-Indian community in certain services.
Article 337 is a transitional historical provision on educational grants for the Anglo-Indian community. Article 338 establishes the National Commission for Scheduled Castes and specifies its constitutional functions and powers.
Article 339 concerns Union control over the administration of Scheduled Areas and the welfare of Scheduled Tribes. Article 340 empowers the President to appoint a commission to investigate the conditions of socially and educationally backward classes and recommend measures.
Articles 341 and 342 provide the constitutional mechanism for specifying Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes for States or Union territories, with Parliament empowered to include or exclude groups by law as provided in those Articles.
Article 343 deals with the official language of the Union. Article 344 provides for a Commission and a Committee of Parliament concerning progressive use of Hindi, restrictions on English for specified official purposes, and related language matters.
Articles 345 to 347 address official language or languages of a State, language for communication between States and the Union, and special provision for a language spoken by a section of a State's population.
Article 348 regulates the language used in the Supreme Court, High Courts, Acts, Bills and related authoritative texts, subject to its provisions. Article 349 prescribes a special procedure for certain language-related legislation during the period specified by the Constitution.
Article 350 protects the right to submit representations for redress of grievances in languages used in the Union or a State. Article 350A concerns facilities for instruction in the mother tongue at the primary stage for children belonging to linguistic minority groups.
Article 350B provides for a Special Officer for linguistic minorities. Article 351 directs the Union to promote the spread and development of Hindi in the manner described in the Constitution.
Article 352 governs a Proclamation of Emergency where the security of India or any part of its territory is threatened by war, external aggression or armed rebellion, and contains procedural safeguards including written Cabinet advice and parliamentary approval.
Article 353 sets out the effect of a Proclamation of Emergency on Union executive and legislative power. Article 354 permits specified modification of constitutional provisions relating to distribution of revenues while such a Proclamation is in operation.
Article 355 imposes a duty on the Union to protect States against external aggression and internal disturbance and to ensure constitutional government. Article 356 provides for a Presidential Proclamation where the government of a State cannot be carried on in accordance with the Constitution, subject to constitutional safeguards and parliamentary control.
Article 357 deals with exercise of legislative powers under a Proclamation issued under Article 356. Article 358 addresses the effect of specified Emergency proclamations on Article 19, as limited by the constitutional text after the Forty-fourth Amendment.
Article 359 permits a Presidential order suspending the right to move specified courts for enforcement of specified Part III rights during an Emergency, but Articles 20 and 21 are expressly protected from such suspension.
Article 360 authorizes a Proclamation of Financial Emergency if the financial stability or credit of India or any part of its territory is threatened, subject to parliamentary approval and the consequences stated in the Article.
Use this page as an index to the site's detailed explanations. For authoritative statutory wording, amendments and footnotes, verify the provision against the latest official edition of the Constitution published by the Legislative Department, Ministry of Law and Justice. Constitutional provisions may also operate with parliamentary legislation, delimitation laws, election laws and binding judicial decisions.